SECTION 2E
TIRES AND WHEELS
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION
TIRE AND WHEEL BALANCING
There are two types of tire and wheel balancing: static and dynamic.
Static balance is the equal distribution of weight around the wheel. Assemblies that are statically unbalanced cause a bouncing action called wheel tramp. This condition may eventually cause uneven tire wear.
Dynamic balance is the equal distribution of weight on each side of the centerline so that when the assembly spins there is no tendency for it to move from side to side. Assemblies that are dynamically unbalanced may cause wheel shimmy.
General Balance Precautions
Remove all deposits of foreign material from the inside of the wheel.
Caution : Remove stones from the tread in order to avoid operator injury during spin balancing.
Inspect the tire for any damage. Balance the tire according to the equipment manufacturer's recommendations.
Wheel Weights
If more than 85 grams (3.0 ounces) are needed to static balance the wheel, split the wheel weights as equally as possible between the inboard and the outboard flanges.
Balancing the assemblies with factory alloy wheels requires the use of special nylon-coated, clip-on wheel weights.
These weights are designed to fit over the thicker rim flange of the alloy wheel. Install these weights with a plastic-tipped hammer.
Adhesive wheel weights are also available. Use the following procedure to install adhesive wheel weights.
Adhesive Wheel Weight Installation
- Clean the wheel by sanding it to bare alloy where the wheel weight will be installed.
- Use a clean cloth or paper towel saturated with a mixture of half isopropyl alcohol and half water to wipe the place where the wheel weight will be installed.
- Dry the area with hot air. The surface of the wheel should be warm to the touch.
- Warm the adhesive backing on the wheel weights to room temperature.
- Remove the tape from the back of the weights. Do not touch the adhesive surface.
- Apply the wheel weight and press it on with hand pressure.
- Secure the wheel weight with a 70-110 N (16-25 lb) force applied with a roller.
TIRE NOMENCLATURE
|
195/60R15 87H
|
195
|
Width (mm)
|
|
/60
|
Flatness ratio 60% (Height/Width) × 100
|
|
R
|
Radial
|
|
15
|
Rim diameter (= Tire I.D, Inch)
|
|
87
|
Max. load index
|
|
H
|
Max. speed symbol
|
TIRE CHAIN USAGE
Due to limited tire-to-body clearance on certain vehicles, recommendations for tire chain use are published in the Owner's Manual. When tire chains need to be used, most current Daewoo vehicles require SAE Class "S" tire chains. These may also be designated as 1100 Series, type PL tire chains. These chains are specifically designed to limit the "fly off" effect which occurs when the wheel rotates.
Be sure that only fine-link chains are used which do not add more than 15 mm (0.590 inch), including the lock, to the tread surface and the inner sides of the tires. Manufacturers of tire chains have a specific chain size for each tire size to ensure a proper fit when the chain is installed. Be sure to purchase the correct chains for the tires on which they are to be used. Use rubber adjusters to take up any slack or clearance in loose chains.
Use of chains may adversely affect vehicle handling.
When tire chains are installed, follow these precautions:
- Adjust speed to road conditions.
- Avoid sharp turns.
- Avoid locked-wheel braking.
To prevent chain damage to the vehicle, install the chains on the front tires as tightly as possible. Tighten them again after driving 0.4 to 0.8 kilometer (0.3 to 0.5 mile). The use of chains on the rear tires is not recommended because they may contact the vehicle and possibly damage it. If chains must be used on the rear tires, be sure there is sufficient clearance between the chains and the body. Do not exceed 70 km/h (45 mph) or the chain manufacturer's speed limit, if lower. Avoid large bumps, potholes, severe turns and any other maneuvers which could cause the tires to bounce. Follow any other instructions of the chain manufacturer which do not disagree with the above instructions.
REPLACEMENT TIRES
A tire performance criteria (TPC) specification number is molded in the sidewall near the tire size of all original equipment tires. This specification number assures that the tire meets performance standards for traction, endurance, dimensions, noise, handling and rolling resistance. Usually a specific TPC number is assigned to each tire size.
Caution : Do not mix different types of tires on the same vehicle such as radial, bias and bias-belted tires except in emergencies, because vehicle handling may be seriously affected and may result in loss of control.
Use only replacement tires with the same size, load range, and construction as the original. The use of any other tire size or construction type may seriously affect ride, handling, speedometer/odometer calibration, vehicle ground clearance, and tire clearance to the body and the chassis. This does not apply to the spare tire furnished with the vehicle.
It is recommended that new tires be installed in pairs on the same axle.
If it is necessary to replace only one tire, pair it with the tire having the most tread to equalize the braking action.
Although they may appear different in tread design, tires built by different manufacturers with identical TPC specifications may be used on the same vehicle.
ALL SEASON TIRES
Most vehicles are now equipped with steel-belted all season radial tires as standard equipment. These tires
qualify as snow tires, with a 37 percent higher average rating for snow traction than the non-all season radial tires previously used. Other performance areas, such as wet traction, rolling resistance, tread life, and air retention, have also been improved. This was done by improvements in both tread design and tread compounds. These tires are identified by an "M + S" molded in the tire sidewall following the size number. The suffix "MS" is also molded in the sidewall after the TPC specification number.
The optional handling tires used on some vehicles are not all season tires. These will not have the "MS" marking after the tire size or the TPC specification number.
TIRE LABEL
The tire label is permanently located on the rear face of the driver's door and should be referred to for tire information. It lists the maximum vehicle load, the tire size (including the spare tire), and the cold inflation pressure (including the spare tire).
SPARE TIRE
This vehicle comes equipped with a full-sized spare tire and wheel.
INFLATION OF TIRES
The pressure recommended for any vehicle line is carefully calculated to give a satisfactory ride, handling, tread life, and load-carrying capacity.
Tire pressure should be checked monthly or before any extended trip. Check the tires when they are cold, after the vehicle has sat for 3 hours or more or has been driven less than 1 mile. Set the tire pressure to the specifications on the tire label located on the rear face of the driver's door. Tire inflation pressure is also given under
"Tire Size and Pressure Specifications" in this section.
Valve caps or extensions should be on the valves to keep dust and water out.
For sustained driving at speeds up to 140 km/h (85 mph), inflate the tires to the pressure recommended on thetire. Sustained driving at speeds faster than 140 km/h (85 mph), even if permitted by law, is not advised unless the vehicle has special high-speed tires available from many tire dealers. Tire pressures may increase as much as 41 kPa (6 psi) when the tires are hot.
Higher than recommended tire pressure can cause
- Hard ride.
- Tire bruising or damage.
- Rapid tread wear at the center of the tire.
Lower than recommended pressure can cause
- Tire squeal on turns.
- Hard steering.
- Rapid and uneven wear on the edges of the tread.
- Tire rim bruises and rupture.
- Tire cord breakage.
- High tire temperatures.
Unequal tire pressures on same axle can cause
- Uneven braking.
- Steering lead.
- Reduced handling.
- Swerve on acceleration.
- Torque steer.
ROTATION TIRES
Front and rear tires perform different jobs and can wear differently depending on the tires of road driven, driving habit, etc.
The front tires will wear faster than the rear tires.
To avoid uneven wear of tires and to prolong tire life, inspect and rotate the tires every 5,000 km (3,100 miles). After rotating the tires, adjust the tire inflation pressures and be sure to check wheel nuts tightness.
DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION AND PROCEDURES
TIRE WEAR
- Measure the depth of the tire tread.
- If the depth of the tread is below the specified value, replace the tire.
|
. Limit of The Tread Wear
|
1.6mm (0.06 in.)
|
- Indicators appear when the tire tread depth becomes shallow (less than 1.6mm (0.06 in.)).
IRREGULAR OR EXCESSIVE TIRES WEAR
REPAIR INSTRUCTIONS
ON-VEHICLE SERVICE
WHEEL
Removal and Installation Procedure
- Loosen the wheel nuts.
- Raise and suitably support the vehicle.
- Remove the wheel nuts.
Notice : Never use heat to loosen a tight wheel. It can shorten the lift of the wheel, the wheel nuts and the wheel bearings. Excessive force, such as hammering the wheel or tire, can also cause damage and is not re-commemded. Slight tapping of the wheel sidewall with one's hand or with a mallet is acceptable.
- Remove the wheel.
Installation Notice
|
Tightening Torque
|
Wheel Nuts
|
108 N•m
(80 lb-ft)
|
- Before installing the wheels, remove any build up of corrosion on the wheel mounting surface and the brake drum or the rotor mounting surface by scraping and brushing then with a wire brush. Installing the wheels without good metal-to-metal contact at the mounting surface can cause the wheel nuts to loosen, which can later allow a wheel to come off wheel while the vehicle is moving. Wheel nuts must be tightened in sequence and to the proper torque to avoid bending the wheel, the brake drum or the rotor.
ON-VEHICLE BALANCING
On-vehicle balancing will help correct vibrations due to brake drum, rotor, and wheel cover imbalances.
Notice : Do not allow the front suspension to hang free. When the drive axle is run at an extreme angle, extra vibrations can occur, as well as damage to seals and joints.
- During on-vehicle balancing, do not remove the balance weights from the off-vehicle dynamic balance.
- If more than 1 ounce of additional weight is required, split the weight between the inner and the outer rim flanges.
Caution : Do not spin the drive wheels faster than 55 km/h (35 mph) as indicated by the speedometer. This limit is necessary because the speedometer indicates only one-half of the actual wheel speed when one drive wheel is spinning and the other drive wheel is stopped. Personal injury and damage may result from high-speed spinning.
- Spin the driven tire and wheel assemblies using the engine.
UNIT REPAIR
ALLOY WHEEL POROSITY
Wheel repairs that use welding, heating or peening are not approved.
- Raise and suitably support the vehicle.
- Remove the tire and wheel assembly. Refer to "Wheel" in this section.
Caution : To avoid serious injury, do not stand over the tire when inflating, because the bead may break when it snaps over the safety hump. Do not exceed 275 kPa (40 psi) of air pressure in any tire if the beads are not seated. If 275 kPa (40 psi) of air pressure will not seat the beads, deflate the tire. Relubri-cate the beads. Reinflate the tire. Overinflation may cause the bead to break and cause serious injury.
- Locate leaking areas by inflating the tire to 345 kPa (50 psi) and dipping the tire and wheel assembly into a water bath.
- Mark the leak areas and remove the tire from the wheel.
- Scuff the inside wheel surface at the leak area with 80-grit sandpaper. Clean the leak area with a general-purpose cleaner.
- Apply a 3.3 mm (0.13 inch) thick layer of adhesive/ sealant to the leak area. Allow it to dry for 12 hours.
- Install the tire on the wheel. Inflate the tire to 345 kPa (50 psi) and check for leaks as in step 3.
- Adjust the tire pressure to meet specifications. Refer to "Tire Size and Pressure Specifications" in this section.
- Balance the tire and wheel assembly. Refer to "Tire and Wheel Balancing" in this section.
- Install the tire and wheel assembly. Refer to "Wheel" in this section.
- Lower the vehicle.
ALLOY WHEEL REFINISHING
A protective clear or color coating is applied to the surface of the original equipment cast alloy wheels. Surface degradation can develop if this clear coating is damaged or removed. This can happen at some automatic car wash facilities that use silicone carbide-tipped tire brushes to clean white walls and tires. Once the protective coating is damaged, exposure to caustic cleaners or road salt causes further surface degradation. The following procedure details how to strip, clean and recoat alloy wheels.
Caution : To avoid serious personal injury, follow the manufacturer's recommendations and cautions when using these materials.
Required materials
Amchem Alumi Prep No. 33 - Stock No. DX533 or equivalent cleaning and conditioning chemical for alloys.
Amchem Alodine No. 1001 - Stock No. DX50T or equivalent coating chemical for alloys.
Ditzler Delclear Acrylic Urethane Clear - Stock No. DAU-75 or equivalent.
Ditzler Delthane Ultra-Urethane Additive - Stock No. DXR-80 or equivalent.
Before repairing the alloy damage or the clear coat damage, prepare the wheels and tires.
- Remove the wheel from the vehicle. Refer to "Wheel" in this section.
- Mark the location of the outboard weights and remove them.
- Wash the wheel inside and out with a water-based all-purpose cleaner. Remove the grease and oil with a solvent cleaner.
- Mask the tire prior to painting.
- Using a 400-grit wet or dry sandpaper, sand over the painted areas that will not require recoloring. Sanding will promote the adhesion of the clear coat.
OFF-VEHICLE BALANCING
Perform wheel balancing with an electronic off-vehicle balancer. The balancer is easy to use and gives both a static and a dynamic balance. Unlike on-vehicle balancing, the off-vehicle balancer does not correct for drum or rotor imbalance. This drawback is overcome by its accuracy (usually to within 1/8 ounce). Secure the wheel on the balancer with a cone through the back side of the centerhole, not through the wheel bolt holes.
CORRECTING NON-UNIFORM TIRES
There are two ways to correct properly balanced tires which still vibrate. One method uses an automatic machine which loads the tire and buffs small amounts of rubber from high spots on the outer two tread rows. Correction by this method is usually permanent and, if it is done properly, does not significantly affect the appearance or the tread life of the tire. Tire truing with a blade-type machine is not recommended because it substantially reduces the tread life and often does not correct the problem permanently.
Another method is to dismount the tire and rotate it 180 degrees on the rim. Do this only on the tire and wheel assemblies which are known to be causing a vibration because this method is just as likely to cause good assemblies to vibrate.
TIRE AND WHEEL MATCH-MOUNTING
The tires and wheels are match-mounted at the assembly plant. Match-mounting aligns the radially stiffest part of the tire, or high spot, to the smallest radius, or low spot, of the wheel.
The high spot of the tire is originally marked by a red paint mark or an adhesive label on the outboard sidewall.
The low spot of the wheel will be at the location of the valve stem.
Before dismounting a tire from its wheel, scribe a line on the tire at the valve stem to assure that it is remounted in the same position.
Replacement tires that are of original equipment quality will have their high and low spot marked in the same manner.
TIRE MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING
Notice : Use a tire-changing machine to mount or dismount the tires. Follow the equipment manufacturer's instructions. Do not use hand tools or tire irons to change tires. These tools may damage the beads or the wheel rim.
- Clean the rim bead seats with a wire brush or coarse steel wool to remove lubricants, old rubber, and light rust. Before mounting or dismounting a tire, lubricate the bead area well with an approved tire lubricant.
Caution : To avoid serious injury, do not stand over the tire when inflating it, because the bead may break when it snaps over the safety hump. Do not exceed 275 kPa (40 psi) of air pressure in any tire if the beads are not seated. If 275 kPa (40 psi) of air pressure will not seat the beads, deflate the tire. Re-lubricate the bead and reinflate the tire. Overinfla-tion may cause the bead to break and cause serious injury.
- After mounting the tire, inflate it until the beads are seated. Never exceed 275 kPa (40 psi) to seat the beads.
- Install the valve core and inflate the tire to the proper pressure. Make sure the locating ring outside of the bead of the tire shows around the rim flanges of the wheel on both sides. This positioning of the tire will insure that the bead of the tire is seated.
SPECIFICATIONS
TIRE SIZE AND PRESSURE SPECIFICATIONS
Inflation Pressure at Full Load (General)
|
Tires
|
Wheel
|
Front
|
Rear
|
|
kPa
|
psi
|
kPa
|
psi
|
|
185/70R14
|
5.5Jx14 (Steel)
|
220
|
32
|
220
|
32
|
|
195/60R15
|
6.0Jx15 (Steel)
|
220
|
32
|
220
|
32
|
|
185/70R14
|
5.5Jx14 (Alloy)
|
220
|
32
|
220
|
32
|
|
195/60R15
|
6.0Jx15 (Alloy)
|
220
|
32
|
220
|
32
|
Inflation Pressure at Full Load (Western Europe)
|
Tires
|
Wheel
|
Front
|
Rear
|
|
kPa
|
psi
|
kPa
|
psi
|
|
195/60R15
|
6.0Jx15 (Steel)
|
220
|
32
|
220
|
32
|
|
195/60R15
|
6.0Jx15 (Alloy)
|
220
|
32
|
220
|
32
|
INFLATION PRESSURE CONVERSION SPECIFICATIONS
|
kPa
|
psi
|
kPa
|
psi
|
kPa
|
psi
|
|
140
|
20
|
185
|
27
|
235
|
34
|
|
145
|
21
|
190
|
28
|
240
|
35
|
|
155
|
22
|
200
|
29
|
250
|
36
|
|
160
|
23
|
205
|
30
|
275
|
40
|
|
165
|
24
|
215
|
31
|
310
|
45
|
|
170
|
25
|
220
|
32
|
345
|
50
|
|
180
|
26
|
230
|
33
|
380
|
55
|
FASTENER TIGHTENING SPECIFICATIONS
|
Application
|
N•m
|
Lb-Ft
|
Lb-In
|
|
Wheel Nuts (Alloy Wheel)
|
108
|
80
|
-
|
|
Wheel Nuts (Steel Wheel)
|
108
|
80
|
-
|
